

Hou, G.; Kuai, Y.; Shu, P.; Li, X.; Wei, S. Research on the Design Parameters of Outdoor Transitional Spaces Based on the Improvement of Thermal Environment. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3808; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213808.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3808



Wang, X.; Chen, H.; Hu, H.; Liu, C.; Tian, Y.; Hong, J. Comparative Experimental Study on Bearing Capacity of Roof Beneath Single Piles and Pile Groups in Karst Area. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3809; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213809.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3809



Cakir, F.; Ozdemir, M. Strut-and-Tie Modeling of Intraply Hybrid Composite-Strengthened Deep RC Beams. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3810; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213810.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3810



Kumar, A.; Kumar, P.; Gogineni, A.; Ahmed, M.; Chen, W. Evolution of Cementitious Binders: Overview of History, Environmental Impacts, and Emerging Low-Carbon Alternatives. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3811; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213811.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3811



Liu, S.; Jin, H. Spatial Usage Rate Model and Foot Vote Method for Thermal Comfort and Crowd Behaviour Analysis in Severe Cold Climate City Design. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3812; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213812.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3812



Wang, X.; Wei, S.; Tang, X.; Zhang, Z.; Sheng, S. Mapping the Global Knowledge Landscape of Urban Green Walkability: A Bibliometric Analysis. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3814; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213814.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3814



Guo, P.; Sang, Y.; Li, F.; Lyu, T.; Liu, T. Harmony Between Ritual and Residential Spaces in Traditional Chinese Courtyards: A Space Syntax Analysis of Prince Kung’s Mansion in Beijing. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3815; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213815.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3815



Yin, Z.; Song, J.; Zhu, H.; Chen, L.; Zhu, Z.; Wang, M. Numerical Simulation of Heat Transfer in Layered-Plate Heat Exchangers for High-Temperature Cement Cooling. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3813; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213813.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3813



Tang, D.; Wang, Y.; Wang, J.; Wu, W.; Li, Q. BIM-Enabled Life-Cycle Energy Management in Commercial Complexes: A Case Study of Zhongjian Plaza Under the Dual-Carbon Strategy. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3816; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213816.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3816



Deng, T.; Peng, K.; Li, H.; Hu, Z. Model Test Study on Bearing Performance of Squeezed Branch Pile Under Combined Loads. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3817; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213817.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3817



Bayraktar Sari, A.; Jabi, W. A Computational BIM-Based Spatial Analysis Method for the Evaluation of Emergency Department Layouts. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3818; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213818.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3818



Wang, Y.; Yin, Z.; Wang, R.; Ding, B.; Wang, Z. Enhancing Tunnel Fault-Resistance with Combined Seismic Joints and Steel–Polypropylene Fiber Concrete Linings. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3819; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213819.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3819



Ling, W.; Chu, L. Adaptive Urban Heat Mitigation Through Ensemble Learning: Socio-Spatial Modeling and Intervention Analysis. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3820; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213820.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3820



Huang, W.; Meng, X.; Xu, W.; Mei, M.; Yao, X.; Chen, F.; Jin, M.; Yu, C.; Kuang, X. Study of Thermal Effects on Large-Span Ring-Shaped Steel Structures. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3822; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213822.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3822



Wang, Y.; Wang, P.; Wan, D.; Zhang, B.; Li, Y.; Huo, H.; Yu, Z.; Qu, Y.; Dai, K. Determining the Optimal FRP Mesh–ECC Retrofit Scheme for Corroded RC Structures: A Novel Multi-Dimensional Assessment Framework. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3823; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213823.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3823



Song, H.; Liu, Y.; Deng, Q. A Two-Stage Generative Optimization Framework for “Daylighting Schools”: A Case Study in the Lingnan Region of China. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3821; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213821.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3821



Galbiati, G.; Graf, F.; Marino, G. Preserving Europe’s Post-War University Buildings: Towards Integrated Conservation and Management Plans. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3824; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213824.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3824



Tekin, B.; Aktog, M. A Conceptual Framework for Biophilic Architectural Design in Cold Climates: A Meta-Synthesis Analysis. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3825; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213825.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3825



Xue, S.; Qian, J.; Fang, J. Research on the Evolutionary Game Theory of Green Technological Innovation in Construction Companies Under the “Dual Carbon” Objectives. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3826; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213826.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3826



Shao, Y.; Ma, N.; Chen, M.; Zhang, C.; Cui, Y. Machine Learning in Landscape Architecture: A Comprehensive Review of Advancements, Applications, and Future Directions. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3827; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213827.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3827



Martinez-Soto, A.; Arias-Guerra, G.; Reyes-Riveros, A.; Rojas-Herrera, C.; Sanhueza-Catalán, D. Maximize Energy Efficiency in Homes: A Parametric Simulation Study Across Chile. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3828; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213828.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3828



Gao, Y.; Chen, Y.; Olarescu, A.; Liu, X. Optimizing Built-in Refrigerator Integration: BEHAVIOR Model for Evaluating Kitchen Workflow and Spatial Adaptability. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3829; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213829.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3829



Javed, I.; Saeed, H.; Ekinci, A. Transforming Construction Waste into High-Performance Alkali-Activated Paste with Microstructural and Predictive π Modelling Insights. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3830; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213830.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3830



Pan, J.; Lu, X.; Hu, Y. Research on Strategies for Creating an Age-Friendly Community Commercial Complex Environment in Shanghai. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3831; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213831.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3831



Feng, X.; Cai, Y.; Wang, F.; Lv, Z.; Yang, W.; Wang, L. Early-Age Hydration Heat in Railway 60-Meter Precast Box Girders: Experimental Study and Experimental Simulation. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3832; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213832.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3832



Deng, B.; Huang, X.; Lyu, S.; Aimaieraili, D. Numerical Investigation on the Diffusion and Ventilation Characteristics of Hydrogen-Blended Natural Gas Leakage in Indoor Spaces. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3833; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213833.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3833



Lian, Z.; Zhu, Y.; Jiu, Y. Analysis of Torsional Vibration of Single Pile in Orthotropic Layered Soil. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3834; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213834.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3834



Yang, Y.; Pan, Z.; Zhang, B.; Huang, S.; Chen, X.; Hong, T. Review of Cooling Effects from Roof Mitigation Strategies Against Urban Heat Island Effects. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3835; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213835.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3835



Hou, Y.; Yuan, J.; Liu, X.; Yi, C. Housing Price Bubble: The Case of Beijing. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3836; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213836.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3836



Věrný, L.; Žák, J. A Cost–Benefit Analysis of BIM Methodology Implementation in the Preparation and Construction Phase of Public Sector Projects. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3837; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213837.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3837



Chu, W.; Xiang, J.; Jin, C. Feasibility Study on the “New Traditional” Model and Energy-Saving Strategy for Chinese–Korean Vernacular Living Under the Construction of Border Villages. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3838; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213838.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3838



Jin, H.; Li, Z.; Xu, Q.; Sang, Q.; Zheng, R. Model with GA and PSO: Pile Bearing Capacity Prediction and Geotechnical Validation. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3839; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213839.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3839



Zhou, S.; Feng, Z.; Zhang, C.; Zhang, C.; Wang, J.; Wang, S. Dynamic Response and Damage Analysis of Variable Section Pile Group Foundation at Liquefaction Site Under Different Seismic Intensities. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3840; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213840.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3840



Sampaio, T.; Pierott, R.; Stolz, C.; Amario, M.; Haddad, A. Emerging Trends in the Use of Recycled Sand in Mortar: A Systematic Review. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3841; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213841.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3841



Fang, Y.; Wang, G.; Ren, K.; Deng, F.; Xu, H. Finite Element Analysis of Shaft Excavation Stability Using Raise Boring Machine (RBM) Method in Karst Strata with Multiple Cavities. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3842; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213842.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3842



Syed, R.; Agliata, R.; Mecca, I.; Mollo, L. Semantic Web Technologies in Construction Facility Management: A Bibliometric Analysis and Future Directions. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3845; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213845.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3845



Sigmund, Z.; Vilibić, K.; Završki, I.; Mihić, M. Monitoring Progress and Standardization of Work Using Artificial Intelligence—Evolution of NORMENG Project. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3844; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213844.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3844



Przepiórkowska, S.; Kociuba, D.; Kociuba, W. Strategies for Implementing the Circular Economy in the Built Environment. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3847; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213847.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3847



Cui, F.; Liang, L.; Chen, X. Meta-Learning Enhanced 3D CNN-LSTM Framework for Predicting Durability of Mechanical Metal–Concrete Interfaces in Building Composite Materials with Limited Historical Data. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3848; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213848.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3848



Carobeno, C.; Siqueira, G.; Melo, J.; Varum, H. Seismic Performance of a Brazilian RC Frame Structure Designed Considering Different Scenarios Based on Eurocodes 2 and 8. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3843; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213843.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3843



Chen, S.; Feng, J.; Xue, F.; Hu, Q. Climate-Responsive Design for Sustainable Housing: Thermal Comfort, Spatial Configuration, and Environmental Satisfaction in Subtropical Void Decks. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3846; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213846.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3846



Yan, J.; Zhao, Y.; Li, C.; Lu, J. Research on Intelligent Identification Model of Cable Damage of Sea Crossing Cable-Stayed Bridge Based on Deep Learning. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3849; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213849.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3849



Li, J.; Xie, D.; Su, Y.; Zhang, T.; Guan, Y. Case Study on Ultra-High-Performance-Concrete-Reinforced Autoclaved Lightweight Concrete: Multi-Scale Optimization of Autogenous Shrinkage, Interface, and Structure. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3850; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213850.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3850



Wang, B.; Li, Q.; Pei, L.; Li, P.; Li, H.; Nie, X.; Fan, T. Construction and Application of a Multi-Dimensional Quality Gain–Loss Function for Dam Concrete Based on Gaussian Process. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3851; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213851.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3851



Juveria, F.; Migunthanna, J.; Rajeev, P.; Sanjayan, J. Mechanical and Fatigue Performance of Recycled Concrete Aggregate Blended with Waste Tyre Rubber Stabilised with Slag for Pavement Application. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3852; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213852.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3852



Khan, A.; Emidio, G. Performance Assessment of a Landfill Expansion Stabilized with Reinforced Fill Structure Using Numerical Analysis. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3853; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213853.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3853



Osadcha, I.; Fernandez, J.; Pupeikis, D.; Bocullo, V.; Ali, M.; Jurelionis, A. Framework for the Verification of Geometric Digital Twins: Application in a University Environment. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3854; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213854.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3854



Řehounek, L.; Ženíšek, M. Numerical Simulation and Model Validation of Multispiral-Reinforced Concrete Columns’ Response to Cyclic Loading. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3855; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213855.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3855



Lu, L.; Liu, J.; Hu, B.; Gao, Y.; Xu, Q.; Lu, Y.; Huang, G. Application of Digital Twin Platform for Prefabricated Assembled Superimposed Stations Based on SERIC and IoT Integration. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3856; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213856.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3856



Guan, Y.; Yang, Y.; Shi, J.; Zhou, D.; Wu, B.; Du, W.; Yu, S.; Cui, J. Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Fiber Desert Sand Recycled Aggregate Concrete. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3857; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213857.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3857



Lv, Z.; Tian, W.; Lu, Q.; Li, M.; Dai, B.; Ji, Y.; Zhang, L.; Wang, J. Research on Cooling-Load Characteristics of Subway Stations Based on Co-Simulation Method and Sobol Global Sensitivity Analysis. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3858; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213858.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3858



Wang, Y.; Zou, P. Decoding Construction Accident Causality: A Decade of Textual Reports Analyzed. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3859; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213859.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3859



Alosaimi, A. Geographic Information System-Based Stock Characterization of College Building Archetypes in Saudi Public Universities. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3860; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213860.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3860



Li, M.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, Y. Evaluation of the Consistency of Rock Joint Surface Morphology Based on Grayscale Surface-Differential Box Counting and Mechanical Tests. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3861; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213861.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3861



Han, X.; Bao, L.; Li, B.; Zhao, T. Fatigue Life Evaluation of Suspended Monorail Track Beams Using Scaled Testing and FE Analysis. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3862; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213862.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3862



Li, Y.; Yuan, W.; Chang, J.; Zhao, B. Seismic Performance of Corroded RC Bridge Piers Strengthened with UHPC Shells. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3863; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213863.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3863



Jeong, W.; Song, M.; Adhikari, M.; Yum, S. Monitoring the Integrity and Vulnerability of Linear Urban Infrastructure in a Reclaimed Coastal City Using SAR Interferometry. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3865; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213865.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3865



Zhao, K.; Meng, X. Socio-Spatial Disparities in Urban Green Space Resilience to Flooding: A 20-Year Analysis Across the Southeastern U.S. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3866; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213866.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3866



Tian, X.; Mei, Y.; Han, F.; Tang, J. Research on the Leakage Effect of Shield Tunnels in Water-Rich Silty Clay Strata Based on On-Site Investigation and Numerical Simulation. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3867; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213867.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3867



AlSuwaidi, N.; Alfalasi, S.; Al Tayyari, R.; Al Buraimi, K.; AlQassimi, M.; Aidan, A.; Attom, M.; Khalil, A.; Al-Asheh, S. Silica Enrichment and Aerated Light Concrete for Sustainable Construction from Multiple Geographic Locations Within the UAE and UK. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3869; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213869.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3869



Zhuang, X.; Cai, Y.; Tang, Z.; Ding, Z.; Gan, C. Identification and Configuration Optimization of Key Campus Landscape Features Using Augmentation-Based Machine Learning and Configuration Analysis. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3868; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213868.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3868



Tang, Z.; Zhao, Y. Perception and Evaluation of Cultural Heritage Value in Historic Urban Public Parks Based on Social Media Data: A Case Study of Shanghai. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3864; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213864.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3864



Gan, Y.; Sheng, J.; Liang, H.; Wu, Z.; Hu, J.; Qiang, S. Multi-Objective-Driven Lightweight and High-Frequency Vibrating Robot Arm. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3870; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213870.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3870



Chen, Y.; Wu, W.; Du, Z.; Lao, X.; Wang, L. Experimental Study on Vibration and Building Response Induced by Rail Corrugation in Metro Small-Radius Curves. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3871; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213871.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3871



Wu, S.; Kong, L.; Ma, C.; Wu, D.; Xu, Y.; Xiong, Y. Collaborative Enhancements of Community Walking Environments for Low-Carbon Development and Age-Friendly Objectives: A Systematic Review. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3873; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213873.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3873



Tang, F.; Wang, L.; Zhang, L.; Wang, Y.; Gao, H.; Xu, W.; Shen, Y. The Relationship Between Urban Perceptions and Bike-Sharing Equity in 15-Minute Metro Station Catchments: A Shenzhen Case Study. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3874; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213874.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3874



Osibodu, S.; Akerele, D.; Bamigboye, G. Efficacy of Self-Healing Concrete for Mitigating Reinforcement Corrosion: A Critical Review of Transport Properties and Electrochemical Performance. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3875; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213875.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3875



Fang, Y.; He, J.; Wang, X.; Xu, W.; Kim, J.; Chen, X. A* Algorithm for On-Site Collaborative Path Planning in Building Construction Robots. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3876; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213876.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3876



Li, H.; Bai, Y.; Yang, W. Calibration of Design Response Spectrum Based on Improved Particle Swarm Algorithm. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3872; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213872.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3872



Xiong, P.; Lee, Y.; Ghazali, F. AHP-SWOT-Based Factors for Optimising Material Handling in China High-Rise Buildings. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3877; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213877.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3877



Wang, Y.; Zhang, E.; Yang, A.; Du, K.; Gao, J. Mixed Reality-Based Multi-Scenario Visualization and Control in Automated Terminals: A Middleware and Digital Twin Driven Approach. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3879; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213879.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3879



Mohamed, A.; Binabid, J. Synergizing Nature-Inspired Adaptive Facades: Harnessing Plant Responses for Elevated Building Performance in Alignment with Saudi Green Initiatives. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3878; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213878.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3878



Wang, D.; Su, J.; Luo, F.; Wang, Z.; Fan, J.; Luo, J.; Wang, G. Measurement of Dynamic Response and Analysis of Characteristics of Heavy-Haul Railway Tunnel Bottom Structure Under Train Loading. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3880; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213880.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3880



Kalantaryan, M.; Muradyan, N.; Arzumanyan, A.; Melikyan, Y.; Laroze, D.; Barseghyan, M.; Vardanyan, Y. Effect of Metakaolin and Biosilica on the Mechanical Properties of Cementitious Mortars. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3882; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213882.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3882



Huang, P.; Zhao, Y.; Wu, Y.; Wang, T.; Zhao, P. Rapid Generation of 3D Mesoscale Concrete Models Using an Improved GJK Algorithm for Collision Detection. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3883; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213883.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3883



Hsieh, T.; Yang, Y.; Tai, H.; Cheng, K. The Interplay of Digital Transformation, Organizational Agility, and Knowledge Management in Optimizing Construction Project Management. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3884; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213884.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3884



Ma, X.; Yang, C.; Fatourehchi, D.; Lu, D. Climate-Resilient Housing Research in Australia: A Comprehensive Review. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3885; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213885.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3885



Wang, W.; Feng, Y.; Feng, J. Multiscale Analysis of Styrene–Butadiene Latex Modified Rubber Concrete. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3881; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213881.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3881



Zheng, X.; Wang, X.; Shen, K.; Gu, X. Determination of HSS Model Parameters for Soft Clays in Hangzhou: Statistical Analysis and Engineering Validation. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3886; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213886.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3886



Li, Y.; Yu, Y.; Li, L.; Guo, J.; Qin, B. Influence Factors and Sensitivity Analysis on Material-Stress-Induced Large Deformation of Deep Underground Engineering in Soft Rockmass. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3887; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213887.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3887



He, J.; Liu, Y.; Hong, Q.; Li, R.; Gao, R.; Fu, B.; Ding, L.; Dai, X. Axial Compressive Behavior of Square Double-Skin Hybrid Concrete Bar Columns with Small-Diameter Concrete-Infilled GFRP Tubes. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3888; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213888.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3888



Farbák, M.; Vavruš, M.; Koteš, P.; Adamczak-Bugno, A. Shear Analysis of “Concrete-to-Concrete” Contact as an Important Parameter for Strengthening Concrete Structures. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3889; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213889.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3889



Oyarhossein, M.; Sugiyama, G.; Rodrigues, F.; Rodrigues, H. Finite Element Model Updating of a Steel Cantilever Beam: Experimental Validation and Digital Twin Integration. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3890; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213890.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3890



Ren, X.; Zhang, D.; Qi, Y. Analysis of Tourists’ Cultural Perception in Cultural Tourism Villages Based on Online Review Data: A Case Study of Dangjia Village, Shaanxi Province, China. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3891; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213891.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3891



Luo, Y.; Zhang, N.; Yin, W. The Seismic Background Noise Monitoring and Intelligent Prediction of the Cave Temple Cultural Heritage—A Case Study of Yungang Grottoes. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3892; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213892.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3892



Guo, S.; Lu, Q.; Czech, K.; Krassowska, J. Microscopic Numerical Simulation of Compressive Performance of Steel-Recycled PET Hybrid Fiber Recycled Concrete. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3893; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213893.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3893



Aguero, A.; Glauz, R.; Almerich-Chulia, A.; Kolekova, Y.; Martin-Concepcion, P. Resistance of Steel Sections (Classes 1 to 4) Including Bimoment Effects. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3894; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213894.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3894



Esenarro Vargas, D.; Porras, E.; Vilchez Cairo, J.; Ortiz Curinambe, A.; Raymundo, V.; Chang, L.; Peña, J.; Torrico, R.; Paz Nakura, S. Use of Parametric Digital Tools in Grasshopper and Python for Optimization of CNC Prefabrication Process in WikiHouse Prototype Construction. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3895; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213895.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3895



Gara, F.; Corneli, A.; D’Aparo, R.; Spegni, F.; Ranzi, G. Dynamic Characterization of Civil Engineering Structures with Wireless MEMS Accelerometers. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3896; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213896.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3896



Wang, X.; Zhao, Y.; Zhang, W.; Li, Y.; Shi, X.; Xia, R.; Su, Y.; Li, X.; Xu, X. Artificial Intelligence-Based Architectural Design (AIAD): An Influence Mechanism Analysis for the New Technology Using the Hybrid Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Framework. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3898; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213898.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3898



Lee, M.; Wang, W.; Wang, Y.; Tung, W.; Wu, S. Sustainable UHPC Incorporating Water-Quenched Slag and Incineration Fly Ash for Infrastructure Covers. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3897; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213897.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3897



Yin, X.; Duan, Z.; Chen, B.; Gai, L. Research on Morphological Resilience and Assessment Methodology in Historic Districts: A Case Study of Jinan Historic Commercial District. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3899; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213899.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3899



Fulgione, M.; Palladino, S.; Esposito, L.; Sarfarazi, S.; Modano, M. A Multi-Stage Framework Combining Experimental Testing, Numerical Calibration, and AI Surrogates for Composite Panel Characterization. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3900; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213900.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3900



Liu, Z.; Ning, X.; Li, L.; Li, Y.; Jin, J.; Li, J.; Sun, R.; Ilunga wa Ngoy, T. Optimization of Mechanical Properties and Shrinkage Resistance of Ternary-Hybrid-Fiber-Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete Using Simplex-Centroid Design. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3901; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213901.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3901



Kong, Z.; Jiang, L.; Zhao, Z.; Tan, S.; Jiang, L.; Huang, Y.; Zhou, F.; Rao, L.; Zou, L. Seismic Response Control of High-Speed Railway Bridges with Prefabricated Multi-Layer Parallel-Connected Slit Steel Plate Shear Dampers. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3902; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213902.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3902



Zou, Z.; Gao, H.; Zhang, Y.; Li, J.; Li, M.; Yu, Y. Multi-Variable Optimization of Sustainable Alkali-Activated Mortar with High Waste Concrete Powder Dosage for Enhanced Drying Shrinkage Resistance. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3903; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213903.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3903



Hou, Z.; Liang, H.; Wu, S.; Zhang, X.; Hu, W. A Review of Inertial Positioning Error Suppression and Accuracy Improvement Methods for Underground Pipelines. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3904; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213904.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3904



Qi, F.; Teng, S.; Wang, S.; He, Y.; Liu, Z. Element Modal-Based Structural Damage Detection by Two-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Networks. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3905; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213905.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3905



Deng, T.; Peng, K.; He, P.; Hu, Z. Investigation of Squeezed Branch Pile Capacity Under Combined Horizontal–Uplift Loading. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3906; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213906.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3906



Yang, Y.; Zhang, Q.; Ji, Y.; Gui, Z. An Intelligent Robotic System for Surface Defect Detection on Stay Cables: Mechanical Design and Defect Recognition Framework. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3907; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213907.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3907



Su, C.; Cheng, Y.; Chen, S.; Li, W.; Nie, K.; Ding, Z. Perception of Child-Friendly Streets and Spatial Planning Responses in High-Density Cities Amidst Supply–Demand Disparities. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3908; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213908.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3908



Chen, Y.; Chen, J.; Liang, Y. Practice and Application of Artificial Intelligence in Urban Decision-Making. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3909; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213909.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3909



Wang, H.; Li, J.; Zhao, Y.; Liu, B. Optimization of Gaussian Process Regression with Intelligent Algorithms for Predicting Compacted Density of Gravel-Soil Materials. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3910; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213910.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3910



Zhao, J.; Zong, G.; Zhang, S.; Ye, L.; Xiao, J.; Hu, X. Crack Propagation Analysis of Steels with Initial Defects by New Peridynamics. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3911; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213911.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3911



Zhang, S.; Zhang, L.; Chen, Y.; Song, J.; Chen, J.; Zheng, L.; Jing, B. Analysis of the Cultural Cognition of Manchurian Regime Architectural Heritage via Online Ethnography Data. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3912; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213912.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3912



Ning, Y.; Zhou, W.; Wang, L. Study on the Deterioration of Reinforced Concrete Under Stray Currents and Chloride-Ion Coupling Effects. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3913; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213913.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3913



Lesan, M.; Chahardoli, S.; Bhattacharya, A. The Synergy of Ventilation System Layouts and Occupant Arrangements on Ventilation Effectiveness: A Case Study in a Shared Office. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3914; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213914.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3914



Yigzaw, M.; Woldesenbet, A.; Shiferaw, A.; Belay, S. Assessment of Sustainability Practices in Recently Constructed Commercial Buildings in Ethiopia. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3915; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213915.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3915



Faghihmaleki, H. Assessment of Maximum Damage Under Earthquake Effects Based on a Probabilistic Approach in Structures. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3916; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213916.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3916



Yang, L.; Zhao, X.; Zhang, Y.; Huang, Y.; Han, Y.; Ma, H. Population Shrinkage, Aging, and Industrial Brownfield Regeneration Potential Assessment: An Empirical Study of a “Rust Belt City” in Northeast China. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3917; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213917.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3917



Bergmann, L. Horizontal Building Interaction as an Element of Neighborhood Energy-Oriented Refurbishment. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3918; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213918.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3918



Bradshaw, J.; Balasubramanian, S.; Si, W.; Khan, M.; McNally, C. Towards Greener 3D Printing: A Performance Evaluation of Silica Fume-Modified Low-Carbon Concrete. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3919; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213919.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3919



Zheng, L.; Li, D.; Zhou, Z.; Zhao, L. VMD-SSA-LSTM-Based Cooling, Heating Load Forecasting, and Day-Ahead Coordinated Optimization for Park-Level Integrated Energy Systems. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3920; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213920.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3920



Yang, R.; Guo, Y.; Zhang, T.; Zhang, R.; Wang, K.; Song, D.; Zhang, J. Numerical Study on the Impact Resistance Performance of RC Walls Protected by Honeycomb Sandwich Panels. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3921; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213921.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3921



Wang, L.; Liang, Y.; Yan, S. Post-Earthquake Damage Detection and Safety Assessment of the Ceiling Panoramic Area in Large Public Buildings Using Image Stitching. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3922; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213922.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3922



Shi, J.; Zhang, K.; Shi, H.; Ye, D.; He, H.; Yuan, M. Effects of Near-Fault Pulse-like Ground Motions upon Seismic Performance of Large-Span Concrete-Filled Steel Tubular Arch Bridges. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3923; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213923.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3923



Su, Y.; Zheng, H.; Wu, Y.; Ma, X.; Jiang, L.; Shi, Y.; Li, G.; Wang, L.; Liu, M. Cyclic Behavior of Steel Frames Equipped with Partial-Connected Crossing-Stiffened Corrugated Steel Plate Shear Walls. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3924; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213924.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3924



Martioli, L.; Gomes, M.; Casagrande, C.; Medeiros, M.; Jochem, L. Evaluation of the Influence of Different Color Glass on Cementitious Mortar Properties. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3925; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213925.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3925



Rasheed, M.; Taha, B.; Arbili, M. A Design-Oriented Unified Equation for the Torsion Constant of Non-Prismatic (Linearly Tapered) Rectangular Beams. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3926; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213926.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3926



Lv, Z.; Yin, Z.; Lin, J.; Bu, X.; Yang, J.; Zheng, C. SBS-Modified Asphalt Accelerated Swelling Technology and Performance Evaluation. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3927; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213927.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3927



Anas, S.; Al-Dala’ien, R.; Benzerara, M.; Al-Ezzi, M. Computational and Experimental Insights into Blast Response and Failure Mechanisms of Square, Rectangular and Circular Reinforced Concrete Columns: A State-of-the-Art Review. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3928; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213928.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3928



Sun, S.; Sun, C.; Liu, Y.; Yang, Y.; Qu, D. Walking Behavior Modeling in Urban Pedestrian-Only Spaces for Analysing Multiple Factors Influencing Pedestrian Density Distribution. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3930; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213930.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3930



Béni, E.; Józsa, S.; L. Szabó, G. Applying the Enhanced Free Cooling Concept: A Case Study on Reducing Mechanical Cooling Demand. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3929; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213929.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3929



Ju, H.; Zhang, K.; Wang, X.; Tang, Y.; Huo, X.; Jiang, W.; He, S.; Li, T.; Tong, X. Bending Test and FE Analysis of Novel Grouted Plug-in Connection for Prefabricated Assembled Raft Foundation. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3931; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213931.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3931



Kim, Y.; Scoppa, M.; Haddad, M. An Investigation into the Role of 3D Printing in Residential Buildings: An Emirati Housing Case Study. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3933; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213933.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3933



Li, Y.; Li, S.; Lin, X.; Sun, B.; Song, Q. Promoting Health and Well-Being: Environment Design of Rehabilitation Centers for Autistic Children Under the Theory of Restorative Environment. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3932; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213932.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3932



Luga, E.; Mustafaraj, E.; Tasdemir, E.; Corradi, M.; Lika, E.; Periku, E. Reuse of Solid Bricks in Construction: An Experimental Work. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3935; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213935.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3935



Dahish, H.; Alkharisi, M.; Abouelnour, M.; Fathy, I.; Sadawy, M.; Mahmoud, A. Predicting the Compressive Strength of Waste Powder Concrete Using Response Surface Methodology and Neural Network Algorithm. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3934; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213934.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3934



Zhou, R.; Zhao, L.; Du, C.; Xu, H.; He, W. Mapping Spiritual Landscapes: Multiscale Characteristics Analysis of Temples in Ancient Chongqing. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3936; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213936.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3936



AlTalhoni, A.; Abudayyeh, O.; Bhandari, S.; Thaviphoke, Y.; Ahmed, S.; Liu, H.; Hoque, N. Toward Resilient Construction Supply Chains: Addressing the Truck Driver Shortage Through Strategic Interventions. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3937; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213937.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3937



Viana, T.; Sena, A.; Souza, M.; Fraga, Y.; Murad, J.; Rodriguez, A. Incorporation of Nanofibers and Cellulose Nanocrystals from Guadua Bamboo in the Properties of Cementitious Composites. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3938; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213938.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3938



Fan, S.; Zhang, Y.; Zhao, Y.; Liu, Y. Research on Energy Consumption, Thermal Comfort, Economy, and Carbon Emissions of Residential Buildings Based on Transformer+NSGA-III Multi-Objective Optimization Algorithm. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3939; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213939.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3939



Feng, H.; Li, X.; Chen, J.; Xu, B.; Zhou, X.; Zhu, R. Value Identification of Celebrities’ Former Residences: An Exploration Using Cultural Triad Theory and the Contingent Valuation Method. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3940; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213940.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3940



Zhai, M.; Wu, P.; Zhang, L. From Passenger Preferences to Station-Area Optimization: A Discrete Choice Experiment on Metro Entrance/Exit Choice in Shanghai. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3941; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213941.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3941



Ma, S.; Xie, Y.; Qiu, J.; Lai, J.; Sun, H. Risk Classification of Large Deformation in Soft-Rock Tunnels Using an Improved Matter–Element Extension Model with Asymmetric Proximity. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3943; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213943.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3943



Wang, Y.; Tong, J.; Duan, S.; Li, L.; Wang, G.; He, X.; Li, H. Bearing Characteristics of Geosynthetic-Encased Recycled Concrete Aggregate Column Composite Foundation: A Numerical Evaluation. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3945; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213945.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3945



Li, S.; Hu, D.; Yu, F.; Jin, Q.; Li, Z. Performance Optimization of Expanded Polystyrene Lightweight Concrete Using a Multi-Objective Physically Interpretable Algorithm with Random Forest. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3944; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213944.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3944



Valinejadshoubi, M.; Moselhi, O.; Iordanova, I.; Valdivieso, F.; Bagchi, A.; Corneau-Gauvin, C.; Kaptué, A. A Cloud-Driven Framework for Automated BIM Quantity Takeoff and Quality Control: Case Study Insights. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3942; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213942.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3942



Chang, X.; Wang, M.; Wang, G.; Xiong, H.; Yuan, Z.; Chen, J. Automatic Detection of Newly Built Buildings Utilizing Change Information and Building Indices. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3946; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213946.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3946



Chowdhury, A.; Yee, J.; Park, S.; Ha, E.; Choi, J. Estimating Indirect Accident Cost Using a Two-Tiered Machine Learning Algorithm for the Construction Industry. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3947; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213947.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3947



Tian, Y.; Tang, Y. Research on the Contagion Paths and Blocking Strategies of Schedule Risk in Prefabricated Buildings Under the EPC Mode. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3948; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213948.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3948



Wang, S.; Zhou, X.; Yuan, G.; Zhang, D.; Huang, L.; Wei, Y. Seismic Performance and Architectural Function Recoverability for Self-Centering Precast Concrete Frames with Enhanced Post-Stiffness and Energy Dissipation. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3949; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213949.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3949



Mehraban, M.; Mirzabeigi, S.; Faraji, S.; Soltanian-Zadeh, S.; Sepasgozar, S. AI-Driven Prediction of Building Energy Performance and Thermal Resilience During Power Outages: A BIM-Simulation Machine Learning Workflow. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3950; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213950.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3950



Xiao, X.; Zhu, R.; Huang, Z.; Xiao, F.; Yin, H.; Zhao, T.; Huang, M. Mechanical Analysis and Prototype Testing of Prestressed Rock Anchors. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3952; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213952.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3952



Chu, M.; Zhang, Z.; Liu, J.; Wu, S.; Dong, C. Experimental Research on Mechanical Behaviour of Precast Concrete Shear Walls with Horizontal Joint Quality Defects. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3951; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213951.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3951



Heng, H.; He, X.; Mo, N. History of Open Space and Physical Activities of China’s Danwei Neighborhood: The Case Study of Community Hua. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3953; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213953.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3953



Cho, H.; Jung, W.; Park, C. Knowledge-Driven Claim Governance: A Checklist of Entitlements and Procedures in FIDIC and National Standard Contracts. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3955; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213955.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3955



Hu, Q.; He, X.; Wei, T.; Yuan, Y. A Spatio-Temporal Overlap Narrative Experience Model for Archaeological Site Museums: A Case Study of the Panlongcheng Archaeological Site Museum. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3956; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213956.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3956



Guo, J.; Huo, S.; Zhao, H.; Li, T. Failure Mechanism and Load Carrying Capacity of Hybrid High-Strength Steel Composite Cellular Beams Under Low Cyclic Loading. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3954; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213954.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3954



Arruga, D.; Castán-Lascorz, M.; Tovar-Lasheras, F.; Arroyo, J. Nonlinear Multifactor Safety Index (NMF-SI) for Construction Scheduling: Definition and Hybrid Optimization. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3958; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213958.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3958



Wang, Y.; Shi, Y.; Yang, T.; Wang, W.; Zhang, Y.; Xi, W. Damage Identification of Gas Station Double Layer Grid Structure Based on Time Domain Response Sensitivity Analysis. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3959; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213959.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3959



Amini Pishro, A.; Tsavdaridis, K.; Liu, Y.; Zhang, S. Strengthening Structural Dynamics for Upcoming Eurocode 8 Seismic Standards Using Physics-Informed Machine Learning. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3960; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213960.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3960



Zhao, R.; Wu, L.; Zhao, H.; Wang, Y.; He, Y. Study on the Reliability of Wind-Uplifted Resistance of Different Types of Standing Seam Metal Roof Systems. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3957; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213957.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3957



Wang, Y.; Du, X.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, Z.; Sun, X.; Wang, Y. Typology-Driven Urban Community Resilience Assessment in China: Spatial Disparities and Smart Transformation Roadmaps. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3961; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213961.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3961



Amro, S.; Naimi, S. Symmetry-Based Structural Optimization of 50 Dutch Buildings: Quantitative Framework for Material and Carbon Reduction. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3962; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213962.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3962



Yang, C.; He, Y.; Chen, Y.; Li, N. The Effects of Window Geometry Parameters on Indoor Thermal and Visual Comfort of Thermochromic Windows in Office Building. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3963; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213963.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3963



Yang, C.; Misni, A. Analysis of Thermal Comfort in Single-Story Courtyard Vernacular Dwellings in Rural China: Passive Design Strategies for Adapting to the Climate. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3964; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213964.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3964



Zhang, L.; Hou, Y.; Deng, K.; Xin, J. Advancements Toward a Standard System for Intelligent Operation and Maintenance of Buildings and Municipal Facilities. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3965; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213965.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3965



Yang, Z.; Yan, Y.; Huang, Z.; Liu, H. Design Optimization of Composite Grey Infrastructure from NIMBY to YIMBY: Case Study of Five Water Treatment Plants in Shenzhen’s High-Density Urban Areas. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3966; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213966.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3966



Xie, Z.; Yuan, M.; Xu, H.; Peng, J.; Chen, Q. The Spatiotemporal Distribution Characteristics and Sensitivity Analysis of Stress in the Galleries of a Super-High Arch Dam During Construction. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3967; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213967.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3967



Lin, P.; Li, Q.; Nübel, K. Exploring the Impact of Collaboration on Competitive Advantage in Construction Groups. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3968; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213968.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3968



Yang, G.; Wang, B.; Liu, J.; Wu, N.; Chen, P.; Zhou, R. An Improved Van Genuchten Soil Water Characteristic Model Under Multi-Factor Coupling and Machine Learning-Based Parameter Prediction. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3969; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213969.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3969



An, K.; Wang, Z.; Zhou, X.; Liu, L.; Zhen, Y.; Meng, W.; Zhou, Y. Study on Evolution Laws of Lining Mechanical Behavior in Mountain Tunnels Under Heavy Rainfall Conditions. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3970; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213970.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3970



Zima, K.; Gil-Mastalerczyk, J.; Proskuryakov, V. A SWOT/TOWS Analysis of Inventory Methods for Buildings Damaged or Might Be Damaged. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3971; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213971.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3971



Hu, K.; Wang, J.; Wang, Y.; Guo, S. Data-Driven Safety Evaluation Model for Small-Diameter Tunnel Construction Based on Physical Information. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3972; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213972.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3972



Lu, J.; Zhang, H.; Jin, Z.; Deng, X. Probabilistic Analysis of Creep and Shrinkage Effects on Prestressed Concrete Bridges Using Solid Element Models. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3973; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213973.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3973



Balist, J.; Darabi, H.; Hoveyzavi, A. Quantifying the Cooling Nexus of Green-Blue Infrastructure in Hyper-Arid Cities: A Spatial Ecosystem Services Approach. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3975; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213975.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3975



Hmeedy, S.; Neglia, G. Morphological Analysis of Mud–Brick Architecture in Syrian Housing and Its Future Formulation: A Case Study of Rif Dimashq. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3974; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213974.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3974



Almutairi, O.; Khan, M. Modeling Compressive and Flexural Strength of Cement Grouts with Fly Ash, Silica Fume, and Polyethylene Terephthalate: A Correlated Multivariate Regression Approach in Compositional Data Analysis. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3976; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213976.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3976



Turk, J.; Oarga Mulec, A.; Ostruh, P.; Ceket, A. Environmental Evaluation of Residential Heating: Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Two Heating Systems. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3977; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213977.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3977



Sava, R.; Arcoraci, R.; Greco, A.; Pluchino, A.; Rapisarda, A. Simulations of Damage Scenarios in Urban Areas: The Case of the Seismic Sequence of L’Aquila 2009. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3980; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213980.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3980



Marvan, P.; Hromádka, V. From Price to Value: Implementing Best Value Procurement in the Czech Public Sector—A Case Study with Survey Insights. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3981; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213981.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3981



Campagna, L.; Carlucci, F.; Fiorito, F. User-Centered Perspectives in Prefabricated Timber Buildings: A Scoping Review. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3979; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213979.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3979



Feng, W.; Xu, J.; Zhang, R.; Yan, Z.; Fu, L.; Zhu, Y.; Zhang, G.; Chen, Z. Study on Excavation Response of Metro Station Foundation Pit in Water-Bearing Strata Adjacent to Tall Buildings. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3982; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213982.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3982



Samaratunga, M.; Kamardeen, I. Re-Modelling Built Environment Education to Mitigate Work–Study Conflict Challenges. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3978; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213978.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3978



Zou, X.; Shi, Y.; Lu, H.; Hao, R.; Zhang, H.; Chen, W.; Liu, Y. Research on the Impact Performance of Polypropylene Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Composite Wall Panels. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3983; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213983.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3983



Cui, C.; Liu, Z.; Liu, J.; You, Y. Thermo-Mechanical Coupling Model for Energy Piles: Dynamic Interface Behavior and Sustainable Design Implications. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3984; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213984.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3984



Chen, M.; De Corte, W.; Zhang, F.; Taerwe, L. Energy-Consistent Mapping for Concrete Tensile Softening Within a Framework Combining Concrete Damaged Plasticity and Crack Band Theory. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3985; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213985.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3985



Tsoka, S.; Zaraveli, Z.; Theodoridou, I.; Velikou, K. Modeling Future Urban Microclimates in Athens, Greece: An ENVI-Met Analysis of Local Climate Zones Under Different Emission Scenarios. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3986; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213986.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3986



Huang, Y.; Chen, M.; Zhang, X.; Shimoda, R.; Yang, R. Multi-Scale Street Vitality Analytics: A Comprehensive Review of Technologies, Data, and Applications. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3987; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213987.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3987



Maroszek, M.; Rudziewicz, M.; Shah, S.; Tran, D.; Hebda, M. Development of Eco-Friendly Construction Materials for 3D Printing Using Fly Ash and Demolition Waste. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3988; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213988.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3988



Chudzińska, A.; Achramowicz, R.; Kiełb, P. Architecture Dedicated to Civil Protection as an Element of Sustainable Urban Development. The Searching for a ‘New Fallout Shelters Standard’ (NFSS) for European City Centres. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3989; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213989.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3989



Kim, H.; Choi, J.; Ahn, B.; Lee, J. Integrating Panic Behavior into Agent-Based Subway Evacuation Simulations. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3990; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213990.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3990



Rizo-Maestre, C.; Sempere-Tortosa, M.; Saura-Hernández, P.; Andújar-Montoya, M. Bibliographic Review of Data-Driven Methods for Building Energy Optimisation. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3992; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213992.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3992



Magagnini, E.; Nicoletti, V.; Gara, F. Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Historic Brickwork Masonry with Weak and Degraded Joints: Failure Mechanisms Under Compression and Shear. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3993; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213993.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3993



Zhang, Y.; Wang, X.; Tang, X. Experimental Investigation and Service Life Prediction of Basalt Fiber–Iron Ore Tailing Recycled Concrete Under Carbonation–Freeze–Thaw Cycle Coupling. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3995; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213995.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3995



Ali, A.; Ismail, M.; Ahmed, S.; Youssef, P.; El-Feky, M. Performance of EPS-Modified Lightweight Geopolymer and Cement Mortars Under Different Thermal and Cooling Regimes: A Comparative Study. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3991; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213991.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3991



Chen, M.; Wu, Z.; Dong, J. Dynamic Performance and Seismic Response Analysis of Ming Dynasty Masonry Pagodas in the Jiangnan Region: A Case Study of the Great Wenfeng Pagoda. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3994; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213994.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3994



Cao, H.; Xia, Z.; Wang, R.; Xu, C.; Miao, W.; Xing, S. Research on Pedestrian Dynamics and Its Environmental Factors in a Jiangnan Water Town Integrating Video-Based Trajectory Data and Machine Learning. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3996; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213996.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3996



Zubarev, K.; Razveeva, I.; Beskopylny, A.; Stel’makh, S.; Shcherban’, E.; Mailyan, L.; Shakhalieva, D.; Chernil’nik, A.; Nikora, N. Predicting the Strength of Heavy Concrete Exposed to Aggressive Environmental Influences by Machine Learning Methods. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3998; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213998.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3998



Wang, J.; Liu, H.; Bao, L. Climatic Adaptability of Transitional Space in Traditional Courtyard Dwellings of Jinhua: A Case Study of the Lu Residence in Dongyang. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3999; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213999.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3999



Hussain, H.; Kim, D. Low Cyclic Fatigue Properties and Cyclic Constitutive Modeling of SS275 Steel for Seismic Applications. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3997; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213997.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/3997



Hou, R.; Li, H.; Zhang, H.; Wang, H.; Chen, L.; Xian, Q. Integrated Construction Process Monitoring and Stability Assessment of a Geometrically Complex Large-Span Spatial Tubular Truss System. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 4000; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15214000.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/4000



Ma, Y.; He, X.; Guan, Y.; Fan, D.; Gao, R.; Luo, F.; Liu, S. Sensitivity Analysis of Foundation Soil Physical–Mechanical Properties on Pile Foundation Stability. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 4001; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15214001.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/4001



Zhang, Q.; Li, C.; Li, G.; Chen, D.; Wu, X.; Wang, Y.; Mao, Y.; Zhang, K. The Effect of Modification with Nano-Alumina, Nano-Silica, and Polypropylene Fiber on the Frost Resistance of Concrete. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 4002; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15214002.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/4002



Chen, B.; Hou, L.; Yan, R.; Zhang, X.; Meng, H.; Li, J. Flexural Performance and Flexural Toughness Evaluation Method of High-Strength Engineered Cementitious Composites. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 4003; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15214003.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/4003



Zhang, H.; Zhang, X.; Yan, L.; Xie, C.; Zhu, Z.; Chen, S.; Jiang, X. The Mechanical Properties and Microstructural Characterization of Copper Tailing Backfill Cemented with a Slag-Based Material. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 4004; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15214004.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/4004



Ntakana, K.; Ariyan, L.; Mbanga, S. Divided by Design: Forces Driving Exclusive Residential Developments in South African Cities. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 4005; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15214005.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/4005



Wu, J.; Bo, C.; Wang, D.; Liu, Z.; Broniewicz, F.; Broniewicz, M. Study on Blast Mitigation Protection of Underground Station Structures Using Phononic Crystals. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 4006; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15214006.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/4006



Zhou, Y.; He, H.; Cao, S.; Zhu, T.; Fei, Z.; Wu, M.; Tian, X. Seismic Performance and Buckling Length Calculation Method of Concrete-Filled Steel Tube Columns. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 4007; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15214007.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/4007



Kim, D.; Kim, M. Toward Reliable Interfacial Bond Characterization Between Polymeric Cementitious Composites (PCCs) and Concrete: Testing Standards, Methodologies, and Advanced NDT–AI Hybrid Approaches. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 4008; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15214008.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/4008



Wang, M.; Zou, Q.; Li, H.; He, W. Influence of Random Corrosion on the Surface of Rock Bolts on the Propagation Characteristics of Ultrasonic Guided Waves: Taking Corrosion Depth and Area Ratio as Variables. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 4009; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15214009.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/4009



Qaisar, M.; Yaqub, M. Effects of Mineral Admixtures and Mixing Techniques on the Performance of Steel Fibre-Reinforced Recycled Aggregate Concrete. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 4010; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15214010.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/4010



Haryanto, Y.; Hsiao, F.; Hu, H.; Nugroho, L.; Lin, C.; Weng, P.; Cheng, Y.; Hidayat, B. Strengthening Strategy for RC T-Beams in Negative-Moment Region Using Steel-Reinforced Polymer Cement Mortar. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 4011; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15214011.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/4011



Kumar Poloju, K.; Al Ajmi, Z.; Annadurai, S.; Hussain, A.; Rao, M. Experimental Study on Acid Resistance of Geopolymer Concrete Incorporating Fly Ash and GGBS: Towards Low-Carbon and Sustainable Construction. Buildings 2025, 15(21), 4012; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15214012.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/21/4012


